These toxin connecting systems are completely similar to the complexity of the toxic connection systems in animals such as toxic snakes, scorpions and spiders.
Four types of representative plants that display poison delivery systems: (a) common ants provided by many anti -home and food plants; (B) Hosteria is a parasitic plant that attacks other plants; ( And (Raphides that penetrates the membranes of animals by mouth that browses the plants. Image credit: Hayes And others. DOI: 10.3390/toxins17030099.
Poison scientists and other biologists studied toxic organisms and their secretions for several centuries.
Their interest has arisen in a large part of the dire consequences that revolve around human exposure.
Humans have also benefited from the potential of toxins to explore treatments for human diseases and diseases.
When doing this, scientists have benefited from countless natural experiences that involve toxins reactions with targeted cells and tissues.
The classification of biological toxins, especially the distinction between poison and poison, is characterized by a controversial history and sometimes controversial.
However, with the opinion of consensus and the introduction of a third term, toxic biological secretions can be classified into three groups based on the method of delivery to other organisms.
These toxins are negatively involved without a delivery mechanism (for example, swallowing, inhalation, or absorption across the surface); TOXUNGONS is delivered to the surface of the body without a accompanying wound (for example, spitting, spraying or staining); And toxins are transferred to the inner tissues by creating a wound (for example, bite, biting).
Live organisms that possess these toxins are indicated as toxic, tuxunnos, and/or toxic, respectively.
These differences provide a meaningful framework for studying the development of these toxins, including the structure of biochemistry; The structures associated with their synthesis, storage and application; And its functional roles.
The speech related to toxins and toxic animals almost focus on animals.
The use of poison independently evolved in at least 104 strains between at least eight animals, which highlights the wonderful adaptive benefit of features.
But are there poison delivery systems in other entities?
Professor William Hayes, a researcher at the University of Loma Linda, said: “The results we have found shows that dependence on poison to solve problems such as predation, defense and competition is much more prevalent than previously recognized,” said Professor William Hayes, a researcher at Loma Linda University.
“Toxic animals have long been alienated biologists who were seeking to understand their deadly secretions and features associated with their use, but they also contributed to many life -saving treatments.”
“Until now, our understanding of poison delivery systems, and entirely toxic organisms on animals, which only represents a small part of living organisms through which we can search for meaningful tools and treatments.”
According to the study, plants inject toxins into animals through the spine, fork and gentle hair, while others also coexist with gentle ants by providing living spaces and food for protection.
Even bacteria and viruses have evolved mechanisms, such as secretion systems or counterfeit injection systems, to insert toxins into their targets through host cells and wounds.
Professor Hayes said: “I have a long history of searching for poison in a snake, and I started exploring a broader definition of poison more than a decade while teaching special courses in poison biology,” said Professor Hayes.
“In my capacity and team, I was working on a paper to really determine what the poison is, we found ourselves faced unique examples and decided to dig deeper to determine many of the examples that may have been overlooked.”
The study paves the way for new discoveries, and the authors hope to encourage cooperation between specialists and scientists through disciplines to increase the exploration of how to develop poison across various living organisms.
Professor Hayes concluded that “we have only scratched the surface in understanding the evolutionary paths of poison contrast, which include frequent genes, the common option of existing genes, and natural selection.”
the Ticket It was published in the magazine Toxins.
_____
William K. Hayes And others. 2025. It is a small world after all: the great diversity but that was ignored by toxic organisms, with candidates between plants, fungi, protein, bacteria and viruses. Toxins 17 (3): 99; Doi: 10.3390/toxins17030099