Artificial skin, drug addict can form a face model, smile.Credit: M. Sunday And others. MP cell. Sci. 5102066 (2024)
Giving robots a human face
A living skin robot will look more humane, and perhaps, reliable. Moreover, the biological properties of the skin-especially its ability to stimulate self-stimulation-can make such paint more durable than this synthetic. One of the important challenges, however, is to find a way to attach the skin strongly on the surface of the robot. A team at Tokyo University invented a possible solution inspired by the natural skin ligaments.
The group, led by Eng. Michio Kawai, had previously covered robotic fingers in the simulation skin – a vital substance consisting of inner dermis, made of collagen and human fibroblast cells, as well as the skin consisting of collagen and cardinocat. But these layers, which are applied as liquids that are increasing after that, were not securely related to the automatic fingers.
Nature expectations: skin
To address this problem, the Kawai team looked at the skin ligaments – vertical extensions that the dermis sends into deeper tissue under the skin to tie itself to the body. To imitate these, the researchers made a V -shaped tubular holes in the material to be covered. The point of each V was deep inside the material and the advice was open on the surface. Artificial skin – a solution of collagen and fiber cells – was poured into tubes. Technology has created an accessories similar to the hook on the bottom of the skin that attaches it on the surface.
The authors argue that human robots that work well as social companions, they must be able to generate human expressions, as the authors argue. To this end, Kawai and his colleagues wrapped a face model with the dermis linked to Rabat and grew a layer of skin at the top of this complex 3D shape. They have shown that by strategically installing their artificial skin for a model of the mouth, the skin can remain intact and flexible, and moves with the emerging cheeks in the model where the mouth formed a smile. Researchers expect that more life -like expressions may be achieved by planting muscle fibers under this skin.
Treatment of rare murderous drug reaction
Toxic skin (ten) is a severe skin disease, and it is usually caused by harmful drug reactions. It kills keratin cells, causing separation from the skin and leading to a widespread separation. Ten arises in only about one of every million people annually – but about 15 % of those affected will die of it. There is no effective treatment.
A study led by Thierry Nurdman, a biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in Martinsride, Germany, provides a potential treatment. The team revealed a molecular path that leads ten, and showed that its ban with an existing medicine may treat the disease.
The researchers took skin samples from people who suffered ten or more moderate skin reactions to medications, then used a technique called deep optical proteins to classify thousands of proteins in keratini cells and local immune cells. The changes caused by ten proteins in the cell signals network called the JAK/Stat path. Interferons and other inflammatory apostles that active this path were too abundant. The changes occurred in both keratin cells and immune cells, indicating a positive reaction ring.
These results prompted the authors to think that medications that prevent JAK enzymes may stop ten. Tests in the mouse model have proven to be right – the Jak disconnects greatly reduced ten lean lesions in animals.
Finally, the team tested their assumption clinically, using a drug (one already approved for a different disease) selectively prohibits the JAK1 enzyme. Seven people with ten or more moderate a little, I treated a related condition. He left all the hospital in good health, and there are no experienced side effects.
nature 6351001-1009 (2024)
Itching and scratching
Scheduled itching feels comfortable. But in people with chronic skin conditions such as eczema, movement increases increases dermatitis, and often puts a frustrating cycle of the most scratched skin.
To determine the benefits of itching, exploring the mechanisms behind these aspects, Andrew Liu, dermatologist at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, and examining his colleagues with the interaction between immune cells and sensory neurons that link scratching and inflammation in mice. They found that scratching strengthens immune responses to skin bacterial infections.
The Leo team focused on the mast cells – immune cells that play a major role in allergic responses and itching. The researchers showed that these cells interact with two categories of sensory neurons that create the skin in a ring linking itching to scratching, then to increased itching and increasing scratching.
The study used different particles that stimulate itching to show how stimulating the sensitive neurons of itching makes animals scratching affected skin. Then show how this scratching causes a second nervous type (usually associated with painful sensations) to release a neuropathy called substance P. This molecule interacts with antibodies and other messengers that push the feeling of itching, and stimulating mast cells more.
Finally, researchers found that in mice, scratching enhances the immune responses of skin bacteria. It also reduced the local diversity of the skin microbium in mice. And when the animals were given Staphylococci Infection, scratching increased the immune response. By setting the components of the scratch response to itching, the research indicates targets to ease the harmful effects of scratching.
Independent skin immunity
The skin is home to an abundant and varied group of microorganisms. The immune system routinely controls these microbes to prevent it from disrupting the function of the skin or causing regular infections. It has long been believed that this had been achieved through the detailed work of the spread of cell B cells that produce antibodies, and T -cells that recognize microorganisms directly, and the cells that provide antigen that performs the skin. It was believed that all of these cells were transmitted to the lymph nodes, as they interact and regulate the immune functions of each other.
But a team led by ICS GRIBONIKA at the National Institutes of US Health in Betisda, Maryland, found that when mouse skin was colonized with bacteria that it had not encountered before, an independent immune response is installed in the same skin. By submitting Skin cluster Gharibionica and her colleagues discovered bacteria on the skin of the mice free of the nurse, indicating that some B cells are the main players.
The next team showed that these B cells were activated by a group of local TT cells, which turned from the virtual impairment of immunity into one supportive of the horse. Specialized cells that provide antigen are called Langerhans cells, which are found in the skin, decisive in creating this immune response. The study found that the B cells, T -cells and Langerhans cells were all interacting in the skin – not, as expected, in the lymph nodes. “Triple” lymphocytes, which were previously believed to be formed only under the conditions of inflammation, were assembled around bacteria hair follicles, to coordinate local immune responses.
The researchers showed that the ban on the local immune response to the skin led to an uncomfortable growth for the leather population S. epidermidisAnd that this existing response protects from systemic infections. The mice that showed this response after their skin was colonized S. epidermidis Infection was resistant when these bacteria were later injected into the bloodstream or deeper skin layers. In showing that the skin itself escalates the first line of defense against the bacteria that colonize it, the search for unexpected elements of the body’s immune system.
nature 6381043-1053 (2025)
It monitors wearable technology healthy skin
Unwanted skin wounds – including those resulting from surgery or painful injuries, as well as sugary foot ulcers and pressure sores – are a huge medical problem. Medical professionals usually need to verify such wounds regularly, to ensure that complications and infections quickly are dealt with.
Technology can allow healing wounds and infections outside clinical environments. A team led by Engineers Guiro Amir and John Rogers at North Western University in Ivanston, Illinoi, describes a small device that can be worn using water vapor standards, carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds (VOCS) to monitor healing and bacterial growth.
More nature expectations
The wireless device is about the size of the LEGO brick and weighs 11 grams. The pressure on its concave face against the skin creates a small room, as the sensors change in the water vapor concentrations, CO2 Central vehicles because they are spread from the surface of the body. Sensors on the base of the device measures the temperature of the skin, thermal connection and electrical resistance.
To track wound healing, the device depends on the fact that the lesions disrupt the function of the skin barrier, allowing more water to escape. The rate of this version fades with healing returns. In the tests on both healthy mice and a type 2 mouse model, water reading operations are clearly wound healing, which were found to be slower in diabetes animals.
The device can also detect infection. In mice, the infected wounds produced specific mutations in volatile organic compounds, which are usually released by bacteria. When human volunteers allowed their microbes to accumulate, by not washing for three days, the volatile organic compounds rose nearly eight times.
The researchers report that the system can also track the chemicals that enter the skin, which may allow monitoring exposure to environmental toxins. The device may be very huge for continuous monitoring of ulcers or ulcers. But this study can mark a decisive step in the pursuit of continuous monitoring at home to heal wounds.
nature 640375-383 (2025)